Resumen: El embarazo y puerperio son situaciones asociadas fisiológicamente con un marcado aumento del riesgo de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa. El riesgo se estima entre 7 a 10 veces superior que en mujeres de igual edad y 15-35 veces superior que la población control, durante el puerperio y hasta la sexta semana post-parto. Los factores de riesgo son distintos durante el período prenatal y post-parto. Los métodos diagnósticos incluyen radiografía, angio-tomografía de tórax y centellograma pulmonar ventilación-perfusión, ecodoppler venoso y venografía por resonancia nuclear magnética. El tratamiento supone un desafío que va desde la elección de la droga anticoagulante, los cambios en la farmacocinética durante el embarazo, entre otros. Se presentan algoritmos diagnósticos y terapéuticos.

Abstract: Pregnancy and the puerperium are physiologically associated with a markedly increased risk of venous thromboembolic disease. The risk is estimated between 7 to 10 times higher than in women of the same age and 15-35 times higher than the control population, during the puerperium and up to the sixth week postpartum. Risk factors are different during the prenatal and postpartum period. Diagnostic methods include radiography, chest angio-tomography and ventilation-perfusion lung scintigraphy, venous Doppler ultrasound, and magnetic resonance venography. Treatment involves a challenge that ranges from the choice of anticoagulant drug, changes in pharmacokinetics during pregnancy, among others. Diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms are presented.

Resumo: A gravidez e o puerpério estão fisiologicamente associados a um risco acentuadamente aumentado de doença tromboembólica venosa. O risco é estimado entre 7 a 10 vezes maior do que em mulheres da mesma idade e 15 a 35 vezes maior do que na população controle, durante o puerpério e até a sexta semana pós-parto. Os fatores de risco são diferentes durante o período pré-natal e pós-parto. Os métodos de diagnóstico incluem radiografia, angiotomografia de tórax e cintilografia pulmonar de ventilação-perfusão, ultrassom Doppler venoso e venografia por ressonância magnética nuclear. O tratamento envolve um desafio que vai desde a escolha do anticoagulante, mudanças na farmacocinética durante a gravidez, entre outros. Algoritmos diagnósticos e terapêuticos são apresentados.

Background: Cesarean section increases four times the risk of venous thromboembolism compared to vaginal delivery. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines are used at our service. A written alert was designed to stratify patients at high, intermediate or low risk making a suggestion for thromboprophylaxis. Aim: To assess the compliance with the guidelines and to evaluate the impact of a written alert in the thromboprophylaxis compliance in women subjected to caesarean section. Patients and Methods: Review of medical records of 233 women aged 19 to 32 years, subjected to a caesarean section in a Gynecology Service, between 2016-2017. Results: Compliance with recommendations was observed in 29% of patients (68/233), 86% in the low-risk group, 26% in the intermediate risk group and 100% in the high risk group. In 41/233 (18%) of patients, a written alert was included in the medical record. Compliance with recommendations in the presence of the written alert was 61% (25/41 women) compared to 22% (43/192) in those lacking the alert (p < 0.01). In women whose emergency caesarean section was the only risk factor, the compliance with the recommendation was 8%, compared with 30% among those who had at least one thrombotic risk factor associated with caesarean section (p < 0.01). Conclusions: In this cross-sectional study, we observed a low compliance with thromboprophylaxis guidelines in cesarean women. We observed that the use of a written alert improved the compliance with thromboprophylaxis.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of clonal hematological diseases. In addition to defects in hematologic progenitor and stem cells, dysfunctions in the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) participate in the MDS pathogenesis. Furthermore, the immune response is deregulated by the pro-inflammatory response prevailing in low-risk MDS, while immunosuppression predominates in high-risk MDS. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), part of the BMM, are characterized by plastic adherent growth and multipotentiality. They exhibit immunomodulatory properties and sustain hematopoiesis. There is conflicting evidence regarding their status in MDS. The aim of this study was to characterize MDS-MSC and evaluate the effect of 5-Azacytidine. Methods: The MSC from MDS patients and controls were cultured and characterized according to the International Society of Cell Therapy recommendations. Immunomodulatory properties were assessed by studying the MSD cytokine production, using the cytometric bead array. We evaluated the effect of 5-Azacytidine on the MSC cytokine production. Results: We included 35 MDS patients and 22 controls. The MSC from patients and controls were cultured and characterized. The MSC from patients showed morphological differences, but there were no differences in immunophenotype or multipotentiality. The interleukin 6 (IL-6) was the main MSC secreted cytokine. The MDS-MSC produced higher levels of IL-6, IL-17, interferon gamma, or interferon γ (INF-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The in vitro 5-Azacytidine treatment induced a significant decrease in the IL-6 production by MDS-MSC. Conclusions: The MDS-MSC show an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The in vitro treatment with 5-Azacytidine lead to a significant reduction in the IL-6 production by the MDS-MSC, restoring the IL-6 levels to those found in controls. The MSC produced inflammatory cytokines involved in the MDS pathogenesis, representing a potential future therapeutic target. Moreover, 5-Azacytidine may have a stromal effect, modulating the immune response in MDS.

Resumen: La evaluación formativa es uno de los ejes principales del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del posgrado de Pediatría. El Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini CEX) es un método de observación directa de la práctica profesional dirigido a evaluar competencias semiológicas y de razonamiento clínico. Los objetivos fueron describir la utilización y valorar la confiabilidad de esta herramienta en la evaluación de posgrados de Pediatría. Se realizaron 76 encuentros a 38 estudiantes de posgrado en una rotación de 6 meses por una unidad de internación de cuidados moderados. Las evaluaciones fueron realizadas por 2 docentes en forma simultánea e independiente. Se evalúo el puntaje obtenido en cada una de las competencias, siendo las de mejor puntajes el profesionalismo, el criterio clínico, el asesoramiento y la competencia clínica global. El instrumento fue bien aceptado por parte de los docentes y estudiantes. El promedio del tiempo de duración de las observaciones fue de 21 minutos y el de devolución (feed back) de 12 minutos. La confiabilidad del instrumento y la concordancia entre los observadores para los diferentes ítems evaluados fueron muy satisfactorias. Nuestra experiencia en el uso de MiniCEX para la evaluación de estudiantes de posgrado de Pediatría en el Uruguay, sugiere que se trata de un instrumento confiable y bien aceptado por docentes y estudiantes.

Summary: Formative assessment is one of the cornerstones of the teaching-learning process in Pediatric training. The Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise (MiniCEX) is one of the tools available for direct observation to assess performance-based clinical skills.The study aims to describe the use of MiniCEX for the evaluation of Pediatrics fellows and to evaluate its reliability. 76 observations were performed to 38 students of Pediatrics during a 6 months rotation in a secondary care setting. Observations were carried out simultaneously and independently by 2 clinical teachers. Scores were obtained for each competency evaluated, the higher ones being professionalism, clinical judgement, patient and family education and counseling and overall clinical care. The tool was positively accepted by both teachers and students. Average observation time was 21 minutes, and feedback accounted for 12 minutes. Reliability and inter-observer agreement for the different skills evaluated were very satisfactory. Finally, our experience with the MiniCEX performed to Pediatric students proved it is not only a feasible and reliable tool to assess clinical skills, attitudes and behaviors, but also it is well accepted by teachers and students.

Resumen: La enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETEV) es una patología con morbilidad y mortalidad elevadas. Su manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico está en permanente revisión. La ausencia de estudios epidemiológicos en nuestro medio implica un desconocimiento de la forma de presentación, etiología y recurrencia de la misma. Se propone un estudio descriptivo sobre la población de pacientes con ETEV en seguimiento en la policlínica de Trombosis y Hemostasis del Hospital Pasteur de Montevideo, durante el período 2015-2016. Se registraron 35 pacientes con ETEV. La ETEV provocada se asoció predominantemente a factores de riesgo mayor y en los cuales falló la adecuada prescripción de tromboprofilaxis. En los pacientes con ETEV no provocada, las trombofilias diagnosticadas fueron el síndrome de anticuerpos anti fosfolípidos, déficit de Antitrombina y mutación del gen de la protrombina heterocigoto. Los pacientes con ETEV no provocada tuvieron un elevado porcentaje de recurrencias, la mitad de ellas asociadas a trombofilia y la otra mitad sin factor de riesgo predisponente (ETEV idopática).

Abstract: Venous thromboembolic disease (VTD) is a condition with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The etiologic diagnosis and therapeutics are in a continuous review process. In our country there are still no epidemiologic studies about the clinic presentation, etiology and recurrence of VTD. This is a cohort study of patients assisted in ambulatory care at the Thrombosis and Haemostasis Clinic of the Hospital Pasteur in Montevideo, for the 2015-2016 period. 35 patients were registered with VTD. Provoked VTD was associated with major risk factors in which optimal prescription of thromboprofilaxis failed. In patients with unprovoked VTD, testing for trombophiliashowed Antitrombin deficiency, hetrocigotic mutation of the Protrombin and antiphospholipid antibodies. Patients with unprovoked VTD showed a high percentage of recurrences, half of them with associated trombophilia and the otherhalf with no risk factor (idiopatic VTD).

Resumo: O tromboembolismo venoso (VTE) é umadoençacom elevada morbilidade e mortalidade. Diagnóstico e manejo terapêutico está em constante revisão. A ausência de estudos epidemiológicos em nosso ambiente implica uma falta de apresentação, etiologia e recorrência do mesmo. Umestudodescritivonapopulação de pacientes com TEV monitorizaçãoproposto no polyclinic de Thrombosis and Haemostasis Hospital Pasteur em Montevidéu, durante o período de 2015-2016. 35 doentescom tromboembolismo venoso foramregistados. TEV causado predominantemente associada a fatores de risco aumentado e que falhou a prescriçãoadequada de tromboprofilaxia. Em pacientes com TEV não provocado os trombofilia foram diagnosticados síndrome anti fosfolipídiosdeficiência de antitrombina e mutação do heterozigoto protrombina. TEV pacientes nãocausaramuma elevada taxa de recorrência, metade delas associadacom trombofilia e meiasempredispondo factor de risco (idiopática VTD).

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma belongs to the group of mature T-cell malignancies according to the WHO classification. It constitutes a rare entity and has a strong association with infection by human T-lymphotropic virus 1. In Uruguay, this viral infection is very infrequent and, to our knowledge, no case of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma has been previously reported. We describe the case of a woman, immigrant from Peru, who presented with persistent lymphocytosis, intestinal parasitic diseases, and skin involvement. The diagnosis was delayed and the patient died before initiating oncological treatment. We therefore emphasize the relevance of an early clinical suspicion and serology for this virus, especially in patients coming from endemic countries like Peru.

La leucemia/linfoma T del adulto pertenece al grupo de neoplasias T maduras y constituye una entidad clínica de baja incidencia. Su etiopatogenia se asocia a la infección por el virus linfotrópico humano 1. En Uruguay se registra una incidencia muy baja de infección por este virus y no se ha comunicado a la fecha ningún caso de leucemia/linfoma T del adulto. Presentamos el caso de una inmigrante de Perú, quien se presentó con linfocitosis sostenida, múltiples parasitosis intestinales y compromiso cutáneo. El diagnóstico fue tardío y la paciente falleció antes de iniciar tratamiento oncoespecífico. Destacamos la importancia de la sospecha clínica de esta entidad y el estudio de la serología para el virus, en particular en casos, como el nuestro, procedentes de área endémica.

Resumen: Introducción: La enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETEV) constituye la principal causa de muerte prevenible en pacientes hospitalizados. Actualmente se encuentra validado el score de Padua para detectar los pacientes con patología médica con alto riesgo de ETEV. Objetivos: analizar la prescripción de tromboprofilaxis farmacológica en pacientes internados por patología médica y analizar el impacto que genera la realización de distintas estrategias para estimular la prescripción de la misma. Material y métodos: se realizó un corte transversal de todos los pacientes internados en cuidados moderados de medicina en diciembre 2014 aplicando el score de Padua. Tras varias intervenciones de educación, se realizó un segundo corte transversal un año después aplicando la misma herramienta. Resultados: 48/67 pacientes analizados en el primer corte tenían alto riesgo de trombosis, sólo 29 tenían indicación de tromboprofilaxis farmacológica. 32/52 pacientes analizados en el segundo corte tenían indicación, estando prescripta en 26 de los mismos (p: 0,0062) Discusión: la inclusión del score de Padua en las historias clínicas, la realización de instancias de revisión de guías, promoción de tromboprofilaxis y concientización de la ETEV en el personal médico aumentaron significativamente su prescripción.

Abstract: Introduction: Venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) is the leading cause of preventable death in hospitalized patients. The Padua score is currently validated to detect patients with medical pathology with a high risk of VTE. Objectives: to analyze the prescription of pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in patients hospitalized for medical pathology and to analyze the impact of different strategies to stimulate the prescription of thromboprophylaxis. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out of all patients admitted to moderate medical care in December 2014 applying the Padova score. After several educational interventions, a second cross-sectional study was carried out one year later using the same tool. Results: 48/67 patients analyzed in the first cut had a high risk of thrombosis, only 29 had an indication of pharmacological thromboprophylaxis. 32/52 patients analyzed in the second section had an indication, being prescribed in 26 of them (p: 0.0062) Discussion: inclusion of the Padua score in the medical records, implementation of guidelines review, promotion of Thromboprophylaxis and ETEV awareness in the medical staff significantly increased its prescription.

Resumen: El síndrome hemofagocítico es una enfermedad infrecuente y grave caracterizada por un estado de hiperinflamación sistémica con sobreproducción de citocinas. Puede responder a causas genéticas (primario) o desencadenarse por infecciones, fármacos, neoplasias o enfermedades autoinmunes. Existen criterios diagnósticos establecidos. El tratamiento consiste en el bloqueo de la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, asociado al tratamiento de la causa desencadenante cuando se halla. La mortalidad es alta y usualmente está en relación a la causa que gatilla el fenómeno. Se presenta un caso de sindrome hemofagocítico en paciente infectada por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana.

Abstract: Hemophagocytic syndrome is a rare and serious disease characterized by a state of systemic hyperinflammation with overproduction of cytokines. Can respond to genetic causes (primary) or be triggered by infections, drugs, tumors or autoimmune diseases. There are established diagnostic criteria. Treatment consists in blocking the inflammatory response associated with the treatment of the underlying cause when it is. Mortality is high and usually is related to the cause that triggers the phenomenon. We report a case of hemophagocytic syndrome in HIV-infected patient.

Introducción: en los últimos años ha existido un avance significativo en el conocimiento biológico de la leucemia aguda mieloide (LAM) que se ha traducido en que el tratamiento de los pacientes afectados se realice guiado por el perfil citogenético y molecular. Las duplicaciones internas en tándem del gen FLT3 (FLT3-ITD) representan las mutaciones más frecuentes en LAM y confieren un mal pronóstico en pacientes con riesgo citogenético intermedio. Se ha reportado que la presencia de un ratio FLT3-ITD elevado (relación entre cantidad de alelo portador de ITD y de alelo salvaje) confiere un mayor pronóstico adverso. Objetivo: estandarizar una técnica, no disponible en Uruguay, para determinar el ratio de FLT3-ITD en pacientes portadores de LAM de riesgo citogenético intermedio. Discutir los primeros casos de LAM FLT3+ a los que se realizó el ratio. Material y método: para la detección de FLT3-ITD se amplificó un fragmento correspondiente a los exones 14 y 15 del gen en muestras de médula ósea al debut de la enfermedad. En los casos positivos se determinó el ratio de FLT3-ITD mediante análisis de fragmentos por electroforesis capilar. Resultados: en este trabajo mostramos la estandarización de un método para la determinación del ratio de FLT3-ITD y los primeros casos analizados en nuestro país. Se estudiaron 12 pacientes y se detectó la presencia de FLT3-ITD en tres de ellos. El ratio de FLT3-ITD encontrado fue en dos casos menor a 0,8 y en un caso mayor o igual a 0,8. Conclusiones: disponemos de una técnica de determinación del ratio de FLT3-ITD con importante valor pronóstico para pacientes portadores de LAM.

Resumo Introdução: nos últimos anos observou-se um avanço significativo do conhecimento biológico da leucemia aguda mieloide (LAM) que fez com que o tratamento destes pacientes seja orientado por seus perfis citogenético e molecular. As duplicações internas no tandem do gen FLT3 (FLT3-ITD) são as mutações mais frequentes na LAM e conferem um mal prognóstico em pacientes com risco citogenético intermediário. Foi descrito que uma proporção de FLT3-ITD elevada (relação entre a quantidade do alelo portador de ITD e do alelo selvagem) está vinculada com um maior prognóstico adverso. Objetivo: padronizar uma técnica, não disponível no Uruguai, para determinar a proporção de FLT3-ITD em pacientes portadores de LAM com risco citogenético intermediário. Discutir os primeiros casos de LAM FLT3+ cuja proporção foi calculada. Materiais e métodos: para a detecção de FLT3-ITD, foi realizada a ampliação de um fragmento correspondente aos exons 14 e 15 do gen em amostras de medula óssea no inicio da doença. Nos casos positivos, a proporção de FLT3-ITD foi determinada usando análise de fragmentos por eletroforese capilar. Resultados: neste trabalho mostramos a padronização de um método para a determinação da proporção de FLT3-ITD e os primeiros casos estudados no nosso país. Foram estudados 12 pacientes e a presença de FLT3-ITD foi determinada em 3. Em dois casos a proporção de FLT3-ITD era menor que 0,8 e em 1 caso maior ou igual a 0,8. Conclusões: contamos com uma técnica de determinação da proporção de FLT3-ITD com importante valor prognóstico para pacientes portadores de LAM.

Abstract Introduction: In recent years, significant progress has been made in the biological knowledge of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which has been reflected on treatment of affected patients being guided by cytogenetics and molecular profiling. FLT3 internal tandem duplications (FLT3/ITDs) represent the most frequent mutations in AML and confer a bad prognosis in patients with intermediate cytogenetic risk. It has been reported that the presence of a high FLT3-ITD ratio (relationship between number of ITD carrier allele and wild type allele). Objective: To standardize a technique, still not available in Uruguay, to determine the FLT3-ITD ratio in patients carriers of AML of intermediate cytogenetic risk. To discuss the first cases of AML FLT3+ who underwent ratio analysis. Methods: In order to identify FLT3-ITD, the fragment corresponding to exons 14 and 15 of the gene was amplified in bone marrow samples upon debut of the disease. In the cases it was positive, the FLT3-ITD ratio was determined by the analysis of fragments with capillary electrophoresis. Results: This study presented the standardization of a method to determine the FLT3-ITD ratio and the first cases analysed in our country. Twelve patients were studied and the presence of FLT3-ITD was detected in three of them. In two cases, the FLT3-ITD ratio found was below 0.8 and in one case it was greater than or equal to 0.8. Conclusions: We have a technique to determine the FLT3-ITD ratio with an important prognostic value for patients carriers of AML.

Introducción: rituximab es un anticuerpo monoclonal que se une específicamente al antígeno CD20 expresado en los linfocitos B. El uso de rituximab en el tratamiento de la trombocitopenia inmune refractaria no se encuentra aprobado en su ficha técnica. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas, la respuesta terapéutica y los aspectos vinculados a la seguridad con el uso de rituximab en los pacientes con trombocitopenia inmune refractaria asistidos en la Cátedra de Hematología del Hospital de Clínicas y revisar la evidencia sobre el beneficio clínico esperado en este grupo de pacientes. Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de los pacientes con trombocitopenia inmune refractaria asistidos en la Cátedra de Hematología del Hospital de Clínicas a quienes se les prescribió rituximab. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed sobre el uso de rituximab en este tipo de patología. Resultados: se trataron cuatro pacientes con trombocitopenia inmune refractaria con rituximab. Se obtuvo respuesta en tres de cuatro pacientes. La media de tiempo de respuesta fue 9,25 semanas. La respuesta se ha mantenido en los tres pacientes. No se registraron efectos adversos durante la perfusión de rituximab. La evidencia publicada se limita a estudios observacionales, en adultos, con pocos pacientes, habiendo mostrado respuestas favorables. Conclusiones: existen limitaciones en la evidencia sobre el tratamiento de la trombocitopenia inmune refractaria, pero rituximab constituye una alternativa efectiva. Es indispensable la integración clínica para monitorizar la efectividad y seguridad del uso de anticuerpos monoclonales, especialmente en indicaciones no aprobadas.

Resumo Introdução: O rituximab é um anticorpo monoclonal que se une especificamente ao antígeno CD20 expressado nos linfócitos B. Seu uso no tratamento da trombocitopenia imune refratária não está aprovado na sua ficha técnica. Objetivo: descrever as características clínicas, a resposta terapêutica e os aspectos vinculados à segurança do uso de rituximab em pacientes com trombocitopenia imune refratária atendidos na Cátedra de Hematologia do Hospital de Clínicas e fazer uma revisão da evidencia sobre o beneficio clínico esperado neste grupo de pacientes. Material e método: um estudo descritivo dos pacientes com trombocitopenia imune refratária atendidos na Cátedra de Hematologia do Hospital de Clínicas que foram tratados com rituximab foi realizado. Uma pesquisa bibliográfica em PubMed sobre o uso de rituximab neste tipo de patologia foi feita. Resultados: quatro pacientes com trombocitopenia imune refratária com rituximab foram tratados. Em três dos quatro pacientes se obteve resposta. O tempo médio de resposta foi de 9,25 semanas. A resposta foi mantida nos três pacientes. Não foram registrados efeitos adversos durante a perfusão de rituximab. A evidencia publicada está limitada a estudos observacionais em adultos, com poucos pacientes, mostrando respostas favoráveis. Conclusões: existem limitações na evidencia sobre o tratamento da trombocitopenia imune refratária, porém o rituximab mostrou ser uma alternativa efetiva. A integração clínica para monitorizar a efetividade e a segurança do uso de anticorpos monoclonais é indispensável, especialmente em indicações não aprovadas.

Abstract Introduction: rituximab is a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to the B-lymphocyte antigen CD20. Use of rituximab in the treatment of refractory immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is not approved in its technical specifications. Objective: to describe the clinical characteristics, response to treatment and safety in connection with the use of rituximab in patients with refractory immune thrombocytopenia who are treated at the Hematology Service of the University Hospital, and to review the evidence on the clinical benefits expected for this group of patients. Method: a descriptive study of patients with refractory immune thrombocytopenia who were seen at the Hematology Service of the University Hospital and who were treated with rituximab was conducted. A bibliographic search on the use of rituximab in this disease was done using PubMed. Results: four patients with refractory immune thrombocytopenia were treated with rituximab. Three patients responded to treatment. Average time of response was 9.25 weeks. Response has been sustained in the three patients. No side effects were evidenced during the perfusion of rituximab. Evidence published is limited to observational studies in adults, with a few patients, and favorable results have been obtained. Conclusions: there are limitations in the evidence about treatment of refractory immune thrombocytopenia, although rituximab constitutes an effective alternative. The integration of clinicians is essential in order to monitor the effectiveness and safety of the use of monoclonal antibodies, especially when indications lack approval.

Cytarabine is an antimetabolite used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It has many adverse effects as: myelosuppression, toxic reactions involving central nervous system, liver, gastrointestinal tract, eyes or skin. Dermatologic toxicity is often described as rare; nevertheless there are differences in the reported frequency. We performed a retrospective study including all AML treated with chemotherapy that involved cytarabine between 1st July of 2006 and 1st July of 2012; 46 patients were included with a median age of 55 years. The overall incidence of skin reactions was 39% (n = 18). Sex, age, history of atopy, history of drug reactions, or dose of cytarabine used, were not associated with them. Skin reactions were observed from 2 to 8 days after treatment started. Considering injury degree: 27.8% had grade 1, 38.9% grade 2 and 33.3% grade 3. We did not find any injury grade 4 or death associated with skin toxicity. As for the type of injury: 55.6% presented macules, 22.2% papules and 22.2% erythema. Lesions distribution was diffuse in 52% of patients, acral in 39.3%, and at flexural level in 8.7%. Adverse cutaneous reactions secondary to the administration of cytarabine are frequent in our service and include some cases with severe involvement. Although these reactions usually resolve spontaneously, they determine an increased risk of infection and a compromise of the patient quality of life.

La citarabina es un antimetabolito utilizado en el tratamiento de las leucemias agudas mieloides (LAM). Esta droga presenta numerosos efectos adversos (mielosupresión, toxicidad en sistema nervioso central, hepática, gastrointestinal, ocular y cutánea). La toxicidad dermatológica es habitualmente descrita como rara, sin embargo existen diferencias en la incidencia comunicada. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo donde se incluyeron todas las LAM tratadas con quimioterapia que incluía citarabina, entre el 1º de julio 2006 y el 1° de julio 2012. Se incluyeron 46 pacientes con una mediana de edad de 55 años. La incidencia global de reacciones cutáneas fue de 39% (n = 18). La presencia de lesiones cutáneas no se asoció con sexo, edad, antecedentes de atopía, de reacciones medicamentosas, tipo de LAM ni dosis de citarabina utilizada. Las lesiones se observaron entre 2 a 8 días de iniciado el tratamiento. En cuanto al grado lesional, 27.8% presentaron grado 1, 38.9% grado 2 y 33.3% grado 3. No existieron lesiones grado 4 ni muerte vinculada a toxicidad cutánea. En cuanto al tipo de lesiones, 55.6% se presentaban con máculas, 22.2% con pápulas y 22.2% con eritema. Con respecto a la distribución de las lesiones, 52% de los pacientes presentaron una distribución difusa, 39.3% acral y 8.7% a nivel flexural. Las reacciones adversas cutáneas con la administración de citarabina son frecuentes en nuestro medio, en algunos casos con afectación grave. Si bien suelen resolverse espontáneamente, pueden determinar mayor riesgo de infección, así como comprometer la calidad de vida.

Introducción: la historia natural del mieloma múltiple (MM) es heterogénea con sobrevidas que van desde pocas semanas a más de 20 años. El análisis de los factores pronósticos es esencial para establecer una terapéutica adaptada al riesgo. El estudio de la ploidía de las células plasmáticas es un factor que ha demostrado tener un importante valor pronóstico. Objetivo: estandarizar una técnica, no disponible en Uruguay, para determinar la ploidía de las células plasmáticas por citometría de flujo. Material y método: el estudio de ploidía se realizó en médula ósea utilizando para la marcación de las células plasmáticas los anticuerpos monoclonales anti CD38 y CD138. Para el estudio del contenido del ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) se utilizó ioduro de propidio. En el análisis se calculó el índice de ADN (cociente entre la moda del pico correspondiente a la cantidad de ADN de las células plasmáticas en fase Go/G1 y la moda del pico Go/G1 de las células normales residuales). Resultados: en este trabajo mostramos la estandarización de la determinación de ploidía por citometría de flujo y los primeros casos analizados en nuestro país. Se estudiaron nueve pacientes con diagnóstico de MM, hallándose dos casos hipoploides (no hiperploide), un caso diploide (no hiperploide) y seis casos hiperploides. Conclusiones: disponemos de una técnica de determinación de ploidía de células plasmáticas que es sencilla, rápida de realizar y con importante valor pronóstico para pacientes portadores de MM.

Resumo Introdução: a historia natural do mieloma múltiplo (MM) é heterogênea com sobrevidas que variam de poucas semanas a mais de 20 anos. A análise dos fatores prognósticos é fundamental para estabelecer uma terapêutica adaptada ao risco. O estudo da ploidia das células plasmáticas é um fator que mostrou ter valor prognóstico importante. Objetivo: padronizar uma técnica, não disponível no Uruguai, para determinar a ploidia das células plasmáticas por citometria de fluxo. Material e método: o estudo da ploidia foi reão da determinação da ploidia por citometria de fluxo e os primeiros casos analisados no nosso país. Nove pacientes com diagnóstico de MM foram estudados, sendo encontrados dois casos hipoploides (não hiperploide), um caso diploide (não hiperploide) e seis casos hiperploides. Conclusões: dispomos de uma técnica de determinação de ploidía de células plasmáticas que é simples, rápida de realizar e com valor prognóstico importante para pacientes portadores de MM.

Abstract Introduction: the natural history of multiple myeloma (MM) is heterogeneous, survival rates ranging from a few weeks to over 20 years. Analysis of prognostic factors is essential to decide on a therapy that is adapted to specific risks. Plasma cells ploidy analysis has proved to be a high prognostic value factor. Objective: to standardize a technique, unavailable in Uruguay, consisting in flow cytometry for plasma cells ploidy analysis in order to determine ploidy values in plasma cells. Method: ploidy analysis was performed in the bone marrow, and monoclonal anti-CD38 and CD-138 antibodies were used to mark plasma cells. Propidium iodide was used to study the content of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The DNA was calculated in the analysis (the ratio of the peak mode corresponding to the DNA present in the plasma cells during the Go/G1 phase and the Go/G1 peak mode of residual normal cells). Results: the study presented the standardization of flow cytometry ploidy analysis and the first cases analysed in our country. Nine patients with a diagnosis of MM were studied, having found two hypoploid cases (non-hyperploid), one diploid case (non-hyperploid), and six hyperploid cases. Conclusions: there is a technique for ploidy determination of plasma cells that is simple, fast to perform and has an important prognostic value for patients with MM.

La Proteína C reactiva es un biomarcador sensible, específico y buen predictor del fracaso terapéutico de las neumonías. A nivel mundial hay posturas controversiales sobre su utilidad. En nuestro medio no hay estudios reportados al respecto. El propósito de nuestro trabajo fue intentar predecir la evolución de la neumonía aguda comunitaria (NAC). A todos los pacientes con diagnostico de NAC ingresados al Hospital Español durante junio y julio de 2012 se les dosificó los niveles de PcR a las 24 y 72 hs. de iniciado el tratamiento. Se pudo correlacionar la buena evolución con la reducción de los niveles de PcR en un 25% (Δ PcR). También se observo que niveles elevados de PcR se correlacionan con la leucocitosis y el score CURB65. Se pudo concluir entonces que la PcR es un biomarcador de fácil acceso y buen predictor de la evolución de las NAC.

C-reactive protein is a biomarker sensitive, specific and good predictor of treatment failure in pneumonia. Worldwide there are controversial positions on their usefulness. In our country is not studies reported to respect. The purpose of our work was to try to predict the evolution of community acute pneumonia. All patients diagnosed with CAP admitted to Spanish Hospital during June and July 2012 were dosed RcP levels at 24 and 72 hours of starting treatment. We were able to correlate a good performance with reduced RcP levels by 25% (Δ RcP). We also observed that elevated RcP levels correlate with leukocytosis and CURB65 score. We conclude that RcP is a biomarker for easy access and good predictor of the development of the CAP.

Villous colorectal adenomas are common tumors that normally provoke scarce symptomatology. We report a 59 ye ar-oíd female that was admitted with severe dehydration due to severe diarrhea lasting 10 days and vomiting in the last 48 hours. On rectal palpation a large tumor located 5 cm above the anus was palpated. Colonoscopy confirmed the presence of a villous adenoma that was excised surgically. In this patient, the fluid and electrolyte hypersecretion of the rectal villous adenoma provoked a depletion syndrome with serious hydroelectrolytic alterations, acute renal failure and hypovolemic shock. This syndrome was first described by McKittrick and Wheelock in 1954